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Islam's doctrines and texts have in some cases been interpreted as advocating violence. Mainstream Islamic law stipulates detailed regulations for the use of violence, including the use of violence within the family or household, the use of corporal or capital punishment, as well as how and when to wage war. Research continues on the Quran, but the beliefs of Muslims around the world and further related data is also emerging. ==Sharia== Sharia or sharia law, is the basic Islamic legal system derived from the religious precepts of Islam,〔Oxford English Dictionary, under ‘sharia’.〕 particularly the Quran and the Hadith (opinions and life example of Muhammad) which are two primary sources of sharia.〔Esposito, John (2001), Women in Muslim family law, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0815629085〕 The term sharia means a body of moral and religious law derived from religious prophecy, as opposed to human legislation.〔Ritter, R.M. (editor) (2005). ''New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors – The Essential A-Z Guide to the Written Word''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 349.〕〔Rehman, J. (2007), The sharia, Islamic family laws and international human rights law: Examining the theory and practice of polygamy and talaq, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 21(1), pp 108-127.〕 Sharia is a significant source of legislation in various Muslim countries. Some apply all or a majority of the sharia code, and these include Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Brunei, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Yemen and Mauritania. In these countries, sharia-prescribed punishments such as beheading, flogging and stoning continue to be practiced judicially or extra-judicially.〔Nisrine Abiad (2008), Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, ISBN 978-1905221417〕 The introduction of sharia is a longstanding goal for Islamist movements globally, but attempts to impose sharia have been accompanied by controversy,〔Hamann, Katie (December 29, 2009). ("Aceh's Sharia Law Still Controversial in Indonesia" ). Voice of America. Retrieved September 19, 2011. * Iijima, Masako (January 13, 2010). ("Islamic Police Tighten Grip on Indonesia's Aceh" ). Reuters. Retrieved September 18, 2011. * ("Aceh Sharia Police Loved and Hated" ). ''The Jakarta Post.〕 violence,〔Staff (January 3, 2003). ("Analysis: Nigeria's Sharia Split" ). BBC News. Retrieved September 19, 2011. "Thousands of people have been killed in fighting between Christians and Muslims following the introduction of sharia punishments in northern Nigerian states over the past three years". * Harnischfeger, Johannes (2008). p. 16. "When the Governor of Kaduna announced the introduction of Sharia, although non-Muslims form almost half of the population, violence erupted, leaving more than 1,000 people dead." p. 189. "When a violent confrontation loomed in February 200, because the strong Christian minority in Kaduna was unwilling to accept the proposed sharia law, the sultan and his delegation of 18 emirs went to see the governor and insisted on the passage of the bill." * Mshelizza, Ibrahim (July 28, 2009). ("Fight for Sharia Leaves Dozens Dead in Nigeria – Islamic Militants Resisting Western Education Extend Their Campaign of Violence" ). ''The Independent''. Retrieved September 19, 2011. * ("Nigeria in Transition: Recent Religious Tensions and Violence" ). PBS. * Staff (December 28, 2010). ("Timeline: Tensions in Nigeria – A Look at the Country's Bouts of Inter-Religious and Ethnic Clashes and Terror Attacks" ). Al Jazeera English. Retrieved September 19, 2011. "Thousands of people are killed in northern Nigeria as non-Muslims opposed to the introduction of sharia, or Islamic law, fight Muslims who demand its implementation in the northern state of Kaduna.". * Ibrahimova, Roza (July 27, 2009). ("Dozens Killed in Violence in Northern Nigeria" ) (video (requires Adobe Flash; 00:01:49)). Al Jazeera English. Retrieved September 19, 2011. "The group Boko Haram, which wants to impose sharia (Islamic law) across the country, has attacked police stations and churches."〕 and even warfare.〔(). ''Library of Congress Country Studies: Sudan:''. "The factors that provoked the military coup, primarily the closely intertwined issues of Islamic law and of the civil war in the south, remained unresolved in 1991. The September 1983 implementation of the sharia throughout the country had been controversial and provoked widespread resistance in the predominantly non-Muslim south ... Opposition to the sharia, especially to the application of hudud (sing., hadd), or Islamic penalties, such as the public amputation of hands for theft, was not confined to the south and had been a principal factor leading to the popular uprising of April 1985 that overthrew the government of Jaafar an Nimeiri". * Marchal, R. (2013), Islamic political dynamics in the Somali civil war. Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform, pp 331-352 * (【引用サイトリンク】title=PBS Frontline: "Civil war was sparked in 1983 when the military regime tried to impose sharia law as part of its overall policy to "Islamicize" all of Sudan." ) * Tibi, Bassam (2008). ''Political Islam, World Politics and Europe''. Routledge. p. 33. "The shari'a was imposed on non-Muslim Sudanese peoples in September 1983, and since that time Muslims in the north have been fighting a jihad against the non-Muslims in the south."〕 The differences between sharia and secular law have led to an ongoing controversy as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government, human rights, freedom of thought, and women's rights.〔Encyclopædia Britannica, see article on (Shari'ah (Islamic law) ), 2006 * Otto, J. M. (2008). Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries (Vol. 3), Amsterdam University Press〕〔Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im, Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights, in RELIGIOUS HUMAN RIGHTS IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE : RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVES, pp 351-356 (John Witte Jr. & Johan D. van der Vyver eds., 1996).〕〔Hajjar, Lisa. "Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis." Law & Social Inquiry 29.1 (2004); see pages 1-38〕〔Al-Suwaidi, J. (1995). Arab and western conceptions of democracy; in Democracy, war, and peace in the Middle East (Editors: David Garnham, Mark A. Tessler), Indiana University Press, see Chapters 5 and 6; ISBN 978-0253209399〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islam and violence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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